Although the term “fast water” is often used jokingly by swimmers to deflect personal performance issues, it has its roots in science.
Fast water is calm water free of waves and sub-surface turbulence. Pools with surface gutters (wave catchers) and good quality buoy lines are faster than open surface pools with hard and high vertical walls. Deeper pools allow the vortices to dissipate before being reflected back to the surface. Swimming close to a wall will increase reflected turbulence. While racing, leading the pack has a distinct advantage because the water will have less wave motion from competitors. The fastest and most worthy racers are typically assigned the middle lanes to more evenly distribute wave activity to opponents.
Two leading scientists in the field of fluid dynamics are Dr. Raul Arellano (Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Granada University) and Dr. Jun Zhang (Physics Department, New York University). Dr. Arellano has spent decades studying water propulsion and how the resulting vortex activity affects speed and motion. His filmed experiments using tiny air bubble delivery mechanisms on the feet and hands are a unique method for visualizing flow. Studying swimmers passing through and along his “bubble wall” revealed a variety of vortex activity at each phase of the stroke. Among many revelations, his 1999 paper on “Vortices and Propulsion” states that “the size and movement characteristics of the vortex seem related to propulsion obtained by the hand and foot movements.”
Dr. Zhang and his team are studying filament activity in fast moving soap film mediums to gain insight into the relationship between “flapping phases” versus “stretched-out phases” and how this vortex activity might apply to swimming and gliding. In Dr. Zhang’s words, their “ultimate goal is to better understand how fish swim and why they are so efficient.” Some of his tests suggest that a swimming fish produces an “inverted von Karman” vortex street which could have implications on swim stroke style and movement. Both of these scientists recognize the overwhelming importance of vortex management while swimming.
