Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) gained notoriety during the late 20th century for his views on compassion and the role of his Übermensch hierarchy in modern society. As an author, Nietzsche is very accessible. His 1882 book The Gay Science (politically correct translation being “The Joyous Wisdom”) is a relatively easy read and contains Nietzsche’s first reference to “God is dead”.
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Truth is a matter of perspective involving time, place and available information.
A classic misrepresentation of truth (and time) was the 17th century declaration by Archbishop Ussher of Armagh and his contemporary John Lightfoot. Based on “information found in the bible”, they proclaimed that the earth was created on Saturday October 23, 4004 BCE, at 9:00am. Ussher used biblical references for time (it rained for 40 days; Jesus lived for 33 years) and stories (October because apples were on the tree; Saturday because it took all week) to establish the date. Considering that there was little progress in geological sciences until the 18th century and the existence of the dinosaur was not confirmed until the early 19th century, the Archbishop’s enthusiasm can be forgiven.
It is amazing that even today some people quote this declaration as fact, stating that the information is confirmed in the bible. The successful mass marketing of this bogus story is the result of a person of authority promoting a misinterpreted truth. This point is important. The texts of the bible were written in the vernacular of the era with stories pertaining to the established beliefs of the time. Because it is likely much of the truths derived from the bible are determined with insufficient and/or self-serving information, most interpretations can be considered of questionable merit.
The world’s religions rely heavily on decisions, edicts and interpretations handed down by their leaders. Fact-challenged data and truth by authority combine to create a powerful marketing campaign.
Knowledge and information will change just as leaders and opinions will change. As a result, our interpretation of truth requires constant review and a relentless application of reason. Truth, as well as life, must continually evolve.
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The diaphragm is the principle muscle of inspiration. To inhale, the abdominal muscles relax, the abdomen protrudes, the thoracic cavity (chest) volume increases and the lungs expand. In a normal breath, the diaphragm vertically drops about one and a half centimeters. During deep breathing, the diaphragm may drop ten centimeters. The ability to breath deeply is not only a matter of chest expansion but also one of the ability to pull the diaphragm downward.
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The skeletal muscle system is composed of two main types of muscle fiber and each exhibits different contractile properties. They are referred to as slow twitch (type 1) and fast twitch (type 2).
Slow twitch muscles are generally responsible for coordination, balance and maintaining an upright stance – the “anti-gravity” muscles. Sports such as long distance running or cycling are predominantly slow twitch muscle activities. Weight lifting, sprinting and most racquet sports tend to use the fast twitch muscles. They are also the muscles associated with a musician’s performance technique.
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